1.
Breast Cancer All About
A Research Paper
Presented to
Mr. Neil A. Improgo
Faculty of the English Department
Manolo Fortich National High School
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
English IV
by
Archie Cababcab
Gliselle Faith Asilo
October 12, 2009
2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our deepest and warmest gratitude to the following individuals who in one way or another helped us out to make this project a successful one:
First and for most, to the Almighty, for the strength, ability and heavenly wisdom imparted to the reaserchers allowing them with better understanding about their researches.
To the Parents of the researcherswho supported them not just morally but in mental and financial as well.
Mr. Neil A. Improgo, English teacher, for sharing his experties heartily about the said project.
The whole class of IV Isaac Newton who aslo shared there brillliant ideas.
Thank You so much for making this research paper possible!
3. DEDICATION
To
The Almighty and All-knowing Father
Our beloved parents,
friends and classmates;
our relatives, teachers and
most especially to
the school where our future lies
MANOLO FORTICH NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
This humble piece of work is dedicated.
Archie Cabacab
Gliselle Faith Asilo
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
DEDICATION iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
Outline 1
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
WORKS CITED
APPENDICES
A. Pictures 21
B. Video 22
C. Concept Map
PAGE 1
SENTENCE OUTLINE
BREAST CANCER
I.What is breast cancer all about.
a. etymology
b.history
c.references
II.What causes breast cancer.
III.How to be aware of breast cancer
a.Symptoms of breast cancer
b.classification
c.pathophysiology
d.diagnosis
e.prevention
IV.How to cure the illness breast cancer
a.screening
b.therapy
1.chemo therapy
2.radation
V. What are the effects of breast cancer
a.psychological aspects
PAGE 2
INTRODUCTION OF BREAST CANCER
Cancer is a general term that refers to cells that grow and multiply out of control and possibly spread to other parts of the body. There are many different types of breast cancer. Each may have different characteristics, and each one may require a different treatment.
Cancer can cause harm in different ways. Cancer cells take nutrition and space away from normal cells. A lump of cancer cells, called a tumor, can invade or destroy normal tissue. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastasis.
Breast cancer is a common cancer among women in the United States and second only to skin cancer, affecting about 178,480 women in the United States in 2007.
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BODY
I.What is breast cancer all about.
a. etymology
breast - O.E. breost, from P.Gmc. *breustam "breast" (cf. O.S. briost, O.N. brjost, Ger. brust, Goth. brusts), perhaps lit. "swelling" and from PIE base *bhreus-/*bhrus- "to swell, sprout" (cf. M.Ir. bruasach "having a broad, strong chest," O.Ir. bruinne "breast")
cancer- O.E., from L. "a crab," later, "malignant tumor." Greek physician Galen, among others, noted similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. From Gk. karkinos, which, like the Mod.E. word, has three meanings: crab, tumor, and the zodiac constellation (1391), from PIE base *qarq- "to be hard" (like the shell of a crab); cf. Skt. karkatah "crab," karkarah "hard;" and probably cognate with PIE base *qar-tu- "hard, strong," source of Eng. hard. Meaning "person born under the zodiac sign of Cancer" is from 1894. Cancer stick "cigarette" is from 1959.
b.history
Breast cancer may be one of the oldest known forms of cancerous tumors in humans. The oldest description of cancer was discovered in Egypt and dates back to approximately 1600 BC. The Edwin Smith Papyrus describes 8 cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated by cauterization.The writing says about the disease, "There is no treatment For centuries, physicians described similar cases in their practises, with the same conclusion. It was not until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could establish a link between breast cancer and the lymph nodes in the armpit. The French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle. Their successful work was carried on by William Stewart Halsted who started performing mastectomies in 1882. The Halsted radical mastectomy often involved removing both breasts, associated lymph nodes, and the underlying pectoral muscles. This often led to long-term pain and disability, but was seen as necessary in order to prevent the cancer from recurring.Radical mastectomies remained the standard until the 1970s, when a new understanding of metastasis led to perceiving cancer as a systemic illness as well as a localized one, and more sparing procedures were developed that proved equally effective.
Prominent women who died of breast cancer include Empress Theodora, wife of Justinian; Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV of France; Mary Washington, mother of George, and Rachel Carson, the environmentalist.
The first case-controlled study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.
II.What causes breast cancer.
III.How to be aware of breast cancer
a.Symptoms of breast cancer
The first symptom, or subjective sign, of breast cancer is typically a lump that feels different from the surrounding breast tissue. According to the The Merck Manual, more than 80% of breast cancer cases are discovered when the woman feels a lump
Indications of breast cancer other than a lump may include
· changes in breast size or shape,
· skin dimpling, nipple inversion,
· or spontaneous single-nipple discharge.
Pain ("mastodynia") is an unreliable tool in determining the presence or absence of breast cancer, but may be indicative of other breast health issues.
b.classification
Breast cancers are described along two different classification schemes, or groups, each based on different criteria and serving a different purpose:
- Pathology - Each tumor is classified by its histological (microscopic anatomy) appearance and other criteria.
- Grade of tumor - The histological grade of a tumor is determined by a pathologist under a microscope. A well-differentiated (low grade) tumor resembles normal tissue. A poorly differentiated (high grade) tumor is composed of disorganized cells and, therefore, does not look like normal tissue. Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade) tumors are somewhere in between.
c.pathophysiology
Breast cancer, like other forms of cancer, is the outcome of multiple environmental and hereditary factors. Some of these factors include:
- Lesions to DNA such as genetic mutations. Mutations that can lead to breast cancer have been experimentally linked to estrogen exposure.
- Failure of immune surveillance, a theory in which the immune system removes malignant cells throughout one's life.
- Abnormal growth factor signaling in the interaction between stromal cells and epithelial cells can facilitate malignant cell growth.
- Inherited defects in DNA repair genes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2and TP53.People in less-developed countries report lower incidence rates than in developed countries.
d.diagnosis
While screening techniques discussed above are useful in determining the possibility of cancer, a further testing is necessary to confirm whether a lump detected on screening is cancer, as opposed to a benign alternative such as a simple cyst.
In a clinical setting, breast cancer is commonly diagnosed using a "triple test" of clinical breast examination (breast examination by a trained medical practitioner), mammography, and fine needle aspiration cytology. Both mammography and clinical breast exam, also used for screening, can indicate an approximate likelihood that a lump is cancer, and may also identify any other lesions
e.prevention
1. Maintain a healthy body weight (BMI less than 25) throughout your life
2. Minimize or avoid alcohol
3. Consume as many fruits and vegetables as possible.
4. Exercise regularly the rest of your life.
5. Do your fats right!
6. Do your carbs right!
7. Consume whole food soy products regularly, such as tofu, tempeh, edamame, roasted soy nuts, soy milk and miso.
8. Minimize exposure to pharmacologic estrogens and xeno-estrogens.
9. Take your supplements daily.
10. Maintain a positive mental outlook.
IV.How to cure the illness breast cancer
a.screening
Breast cancer screening is an attempt to find cancer in otherwise healthy individuals. The most common screening method for women is a combination of x-ray mammography and clinical breast exam. In women at higher than normal risk, such as those with a strong family history of cancer, additional tools may include genetic testing or breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
X-ray mammography uses x-rays to examine the breast for any uncharacteristic masses or lumps. Regular mammograms are recommended by several countries in women over a certain age as a screening tool.
b.therapy
1.chemo therapy
Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy; this means it affects the whole body by going through the bloodstream. The purpose of chemotherapy and other systemic treatments is to get rid of any cancer cells that may have spread from where the cancer started to another part of the body.
Chemotherapy is effective against cancer cells because the drugs love to interfere with rapidly dividing cells. The side effects of chemotherapy come about because cancer cells aren't the only rapidly dividing cells in your body. The cells in your blood, mouth, intestinal tract, nose, nails, vagina, and hair are also undergoing constant, rapid division. This means that the chemotherapy is going to affect them, too.
2.radation
Radiation therapy (also radiotherapy or radiation oncology, sometimes abbreviated to XRT) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis).
Radiotherapy is used for the treatment of malignant tumors (cancer), and may be used as the primary therapy. It is also common to combine radiotherapy with surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or some mixture of the three. Most common cancer types can be treated with radiotherapy in some way
V. What are the effects of breast cancer
a.psychological aspects
The emotional impact of cancer diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and related issues can be severe. Most larger hospitals are associated with cancer support groups which provide a supportive environment to help patients cope and gain perspective from cancer survivors. Online cancer support groups are also very beneficial to cancer patients, especially in dealing with uncertainty and body-image problems inherent in cancer treatment.
PAGE 3
CONCLUSION
We, the researchers therefore conclude that breast cancer is very dangerous if we wouldn’t have enough knowledge about it. We must therefore be aware. And we must also maintain a good diet and regular exercise in order for us to be safe from the said cancer. And of course, we must discipline ourselves by avoiding smoking and too much liquor.
PAGE 4
WORKS CITED
Radiation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation.october 11,2009
Chemotherapy.http://www.breastcancer.org/treatment/chemotherapy/.October 12,2009
Breast cancer.http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=breast.october 11,2009
Breast cancer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer.october 11,2009
Dr. Ann's 10-Steps to Prevent Breast Cancer. http://womenshealth.about.com/od/cancerprevention/a/10stepsprevbcan.htm. Oct. 12,2009.
PAGE 5
APPENDICES
a. PICTURES
c. VIDEOS
